Brazil has imposed non-automatic import licenses on Argentine automobiles, effectively blocking the trade, as retaliation in response to a prior re-vamping of trade restrictions on behalf of Argentina.
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EU's Caribbean-favouring import regime condemned by the World Trade Organisation, but are still waiting to see any benefits.
Under regional free-trade rules, Malaysia must cut import tariffs to as little as 5% though it has managed to defer this until 2008 and to raise excise duties in some cases to 800%.
So during the financial crisis, as trade finance dried up, the Export-Import Bank lived up to its mission and stepped up to fill the void.
Under rules of the World Trade Organization, a country can apply anti-dumping import tariffs when it can prove that imported goods were sold at below-market prices and caused damage to domestic industry.
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And given the importance of maintaining American support for talks to liberalise trade in financial services, to expand the North American Free-Trade Agreement and to bring China into the World Trade Organisation, an upsurge of Japan-bashing and anti-import rhetoric in Washington would quickly affect the rest of the world.
One solution is to import generic drugs from countries such as India, which does a thriving trade in copy-cat pharmaceuticals because it is not yet obliged to recognise drug patents.
Even as he targets international trade through the guaranteed-loan program of the U.S. Export-Import Bank, he is watching the home front--literally, with mortgages for developers who build low-income housing in southern California.
The wireless-technology firm challenged a June 7th ruling by America's International Trade Commission banning the import of new mobile phones that contain the company's chips.
Indeed, as conventional trade barriers, such as tariffs and import quotas, have come down over the past half-century, others, such as discriminatory regulations, have sprung up to take their place.
In the year to May, says Michael Rosenberg, chief currency strategist at Deutsche Bank, import prices to America, excluding oil, rose only 0.9%, even though the trade-weighted dollar fell by 6%.
The central pillar of the policy was import substitution, the belief that India needed to rely on internal markets for development, not international trade - a belief generated by a mixture of socialism and the experience of colonial exploitation.
The administration is open to reforming trade-remedy laws to make it easier and quicker for firms to get temporary protection from import surges.
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