Yemen's Prime Minister Mohammed Basendowah defended the immunity bill saying that it will help Yemen avoid violence through the immunity.
However, since natural immunity to malaria exists, researchers are reasonably optimistic that a vaccine, which stimulates this immunity artificially, should be feasible.
For one thing, while there is a federal statute empowering judges to grant immunity at the request of prosecutors, there is no equivalent for defense-requested witness immunity.
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Innate immunity is the defence against infection that babies are born with, as opposed to adaptive immunity which is acquired as people develop antibodies through their exposure to disease-causing agents.
ECONOMIST: Genetics and infectious disease: The germ of an idea | The
"Allowing courts to review the question of immunity is meaningless when the same legislation essentially requires the court to grant immunity, " said Feingold, who sits on the Senate Intelligence and Judiciary committees.
The lawyers argued that he enjoyed immunity from legal action similar to diplomatic immunity afforded international civil servants based on conventions accepted by 118 nations and rules adopted by the IMF itself.
Whereas adaptive immunity is thought to be a response to specific bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, innate immunity has always been seen as the body's general response to all threats of disease.
ECONOMIST: Genetics and infectious disease: The germ of an idea | The
In fact, British law nowhere explicitly states that such immunity extends to a former, as opposed to a serving, head of state (none of the Law Lords disputed that a serving head of state enjoys immunity).
Concerned as much about these cases as about General Pinochet's fate, the armed forces also think this amnesty should mean immunity from charges, as the dictatorship intended, rather than the courts' present interpretation of immunity only from punishment.
Lord Bingham concluded that a former head of state enjoys immunity as well because one English statute confers on a head of state the same legal protections as those enjoyed by an ambassador, which a second statute spells out as including immunity for official acts during his tenure as an ambassador even after he has left his post.
That is, making sure that there is some sort of provision dealing with combat authority, the holding of detainees - because apparently at this point Iraqis are not in a position to take over completely - and also perhaps the most controversial point, which is immunity and whether that immunity will be extended to contractors and to U.S. troops.
Mr Zardari's party has said it believes Mr Musharraf may have immunity from prosecution.
During the inquiry witnesses were given immunity from incriminating themselves, but that did not cover perjury.
"In its most egregious forms, it appears to be giving criminal immunity, " he said.
As a result, weasel-words can destroy the effectiveness of an immunity or safe harbor.
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As rival Virgin Atlantic tipped off the OFT about the price-fixing scandal, it was granted immunity.
BBC: The fines followed probes on both sides of the Atlantic
His price: immunity for himself, the release of Connor from jail and, naturally, the reward.
Bonds was granted immunity for his December 4, 2003, testimony before the grand jury.
Another poll showed that 60% disagree with the Congress's decision to remove the mayor's immunity.
But Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nevada, remains opposed to retroactive immunity, his office said.
Traditionally and by federal statute, only prosecutors can garner an immunity order for its witnesses.
FORBES: Leveling the playing field: Immunized Witnesses for the Defense
Watt, whose testimony was to resume Thursday, has been granted immunity by Whitewater prosecutors.
But with no offer of immunity from federal prosecutors, Huang has refused to testify before Thompson.
Diplomats at the UN enjoyed diplomatic immunity from prosecution for parking violations until 2002.
And because it's a relatively new virus, most dogs don't have immunity to resist it.
The Bush administration in 2008 had separately granted the telecom companies "retroactive immunity" from any lawsuits.
He said he had evidence implicating Rwanda's current President Paul Kagame, who has immunity from prosecution.
Last year a panel of three appeal judges ruled immunity from enforcement had been established.
Over 80% of cash tested carried germs that could be harmful to people with lowered immunity.
Chuck, it turned out, was granted immunity after agreeing to cooperate with the state.
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