Fox ultimately got around foreign ownership restrictions--albeit after Murdoch had completed his purchase.
Thirdly, a relaxation of restrictions on foreign ownership and competition, ranging from tariffs to ownership regulations.
After restrictions on foreign ownership were relaxed last year, some big buyers have come in.
For years, the Kremlin had publicly weighed lifting restrictions on foreign ownership of Gazprom's domestically traded shares.
The UnitedHealth deal may face a regulatory challenge because of Brazilian restrictions on foreign ownership of hospitals.
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It privatised almost everything, shunning tariffs, subsidies, bail-outs and restrictions on foreign ownership.
"For the large diversifieds, it's hard to do anything big, " Mr. van Jaarsveld said, citing competition issues and restrictions on foreign ownership.
Among the top issues are licensing barriers, restrictions on foreign ownership in many key industries, and market access barriers for US services sector companies.
The Indian government eased restrictions on foreign ownership of companies in several sectors, including aviation, last year, in an effort to give support to the country's slowing economy.
BBC: Etihad Airways to take 24% stake in India's Jet Airways
Having successfully blocked an earlier version of the agreement, the committee is now criticizing apparent ambiguities in the proposals to ease restrictions on foreign ownership of U.S. carriers.
This is because restrictions on foreign ownership make it hard for foreigners to buy local stations and networks, and because cultural differences make it useful to have a local guide.
The government, which owns 38% of Gazprom, has promised to buy shares and take a controlling stake, and then to lift restrictions on foreign ownership of the freely traded tranche of Gazprom shares.
On Friday, President Vladimir Putin signed the law lifting restrictions on foreign ownership of the world's largest gas company, and on Wednesday, the official orders authorizing the end to the restrictions are expected to be issued.
Rosneft's acquisition of Yuganskneftegaz, meanwhile, has derailed plans to merge the oil firm with Gazprom, the state-controlled gas giant (finally and farcically cancelled this week, though the government came up with another plan that would remove restrictions on foreign ownership of Gazprom shares, a move designed to alleviate some of the pain caused by the Yukos fiasco).
Once foreign ownership crosses 25 percent, a company is considered a joint venture and subject to additional restrictions.
In addition to promoting access to information and curbing corruption where greater foreign ownership can be of great help developing-country governments need to weigh the case for explicit restrictions on certain kinds of financial activity.
Although India has broadly cut import duties and increased foreign-ownership limits over the past ten years, large sections of the economy remain sheltered by high tariffs and restrictions on foreign direct investment, which amounts to just 0.7 percent of India's GDP, compared with 4.2 percent in China and 3.2 percent in Brazil.
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