Those denied certification are denied most direct aid from the United States and all U.S. Export-Import Bank financing.
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The sanctions bar PDVSA from access to U.S. government contracts, financing through the U.S. Export-Import Bank and export licenses.
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Achieving that is a stretch but the report nonetheless argues that the Export-Import Bank, which Mr Obama wants to increase its financing for smaller exporters, can help.
ECONOMIST: Economics focus
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