It has been used to breach U.S. Treasury embargoes to places like Iran and Cuba, and by immigrants from Brazil and other countries with official exchange rates to evade currency controls and taxes.
Other common factors that influence the rise are currency exchange rates and financial markets.
If mutual funds take risks on what stocks will go up and currency exchange rates will go down, hedge funds take very, very big risks.
Richard Wagoner and Chrysler chief ThomasLaSordaThomas LaSorda used the meeting to ask for Bush's help in confronting challenges like energy security, health care, currency exchange rates and the rising costs of raw materials.
Beyond the blacked-out glass of the Dubai Islamic Bank in the upmarket area of Jumeirah in Dubai, the computer screens, currency exchange rates and paperwork all look the same, but the ten staff differ from those you'd find in most United Arab Emirate (UAE) banks.
Kingfisher blamed weak consumer confidence, unfavourable currency exchange rates, and bad UK weather hitting sales of "seasonal products".
The company said improved yield expectations and costs were offset by unfavorable changes in fuel prices and currency-exchange rates.
When adjusting for the impact of refranchising its business in China and foreign currency exchange rates, the company said revenue rose 4.4 percent.
South Sudan will have to establish its own monetary policies, its Central Bank, its own currency and determine exchange rates.
And it weakens exchange rates, hurting households that borrowed in foreign currency (a big problem in Hungary, and, to a lesser extent, in Poland).
ECONOMIST: Eastern Europe��s economies: Some calm amid storms | The
Nor did delegates even think of trying to create a new gold-based, Bretton Woods-like monetary system that would keep currency exchange rates of trading nations strong and stable.
All three countries have fixed exchange rates (currency boards in Estonia and Lithuania, a currency peg in Latvia) fully backed by foreign-currency reserves.
This law states that if you have the same good in two different locations, and their prices once adjusted for currency exchange rates are different, the market will tend to pull the prices back towards parity.
But funds hope it marks a big change when concerted policy easing by some central banks, including the European Central Bank and Federal Reserve, squashed the gaps between different countries' interest rates, depressing currency-trading volumes and exchange-rate shifts.
WSJ: Strong Start to 2013 Hints at Revival for Currency Funds
Overseas travelers have long faced this problem: How can you protect yourself abroad from a wild fluctuation in exchange rates and nagging fees charged by banks and currency changers?
Futures markets determine foreign exchange rates, and in a world of gyrating currency values there are serious questions about whether they are the best way to determine the relative value of dollars, euros and yen.
Free capital movement and pegged exchange rates are a dangerous mix (unless the currency is fixed under a currency-board arrangement as in Hong Kong, where all local currency must be fully backed by American dollars).
As long as countries try to simultaneously follow inflationary policies at home and peg their exchange rates to the dollar, we will continue to have these currency crises.
The company also had more U.S. subscribers for the HBO premium channels and saw growth internationally across the TV business, despite unfavorable currency-exchange rates.
Third, there is an exchange-rate effect: a rise in interest rates pushes up the currency and so squeezes exports.
Prepaid currency cards are becoming increasingly popular as they offer better exchange rates compared with debit and credit cards.
Back in the world of floating exchange rates, countries wishing to have a trading advantage can manipulate their currency to be low and thereby have ultra-competitive prices for export goods.
应用推荐