This shift in societal attitudes, led by a handful of enlightened thinkers of the day, is what Mokyr (2005) labels the Great Enlightenment, Jacob (1981) the Radical Enlightenment, McCloskey (2010) the Bourgeois Revaluation, and Goldstone (2002) the Engineering Culture.
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Economists in the French Enlightenment (like Jacques Turgot) and the Scottish Enlightenment (like Adam Smith) recognized that essential human institutions such as language, culture, legal customs, mutual aid societies and markets develop spontaneously when governments get out of the way.
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Since the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, the Age of Reason, we have transformed our world.
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Europeans brought the truth of the Enlightenment to the West.
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By the time of the Enlightenment, the provision of credit and the practice of charging interest on loans had already become universally accepted as an issue of political economy rather than theology.
The eighteenth century was the French century: Rousseau, Voltaire, Versailles and the court of the Sun King Louis the Fourteenth, Buffon and the Jardin des Plantes, Paris buzzing with the discourse of the enlightenment and the new supremacy of scientific method.
That world began when Johannes Gutenberg introduced the printing press in 1455, and gave birth along the way to the Reformation, the Age of Reason, the Enlightenment, the Scientific Method, and finally the Industrial Revolution not to mention the modern era of newspapers, universal education and, yes, mass literacy.
The parting of ways between Europe and China came, in his view, not with the Renaissance or the Enlightenment but with the industrial revolution.
It is probably no coincidence that the Humanitarian Revolution came on the heels of the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment, that the Long Peace and rights revolutions coincided with the electronic global village.
That truth violates the principles of the Enlightenment now engraved in the tablets of a Western world where the only truth permitted men in the public sphere is a multicultural pluralism devoid of any truthful content but that there is no truthful content.
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Shirky believes that we are on the crest of an ever-surging wave of democratized information: the Gutenberg printing press produced the Reformation, which produced the Scientific Revolution, which produced the Enlightenment, which produced the Internet, each move more liberating than the one before.
But witness the recent flap over contraception and insurance in Catholic universities and hospitals such compromises are tricky, and in the end there is no escaping the fact that Mr Obama stands in the Enlightenment tradition, not with the Neopuritans.
From the East came the winds of mysticism, a sense of self-transformation based on the loss of selfhood, with enlightenment the ultimate goal.
If the printing press ushered in the Age of Enlightenment, the internet brought us the Age of Entitlement.
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It is a constant reminder that you are in one of the centres of the European enlightenment - arguably the centre.
The German romantic reaction to French rationalism was the worst consequence of the Enlightenment an antibody more harmful than the disease.
Fast forward a few more years and the intellectual movement that came to be known as the Enlightenment brought with it a new respect for the rational and useful and an emphasis on education rather than privilege.
That player I mentioned above, the one who found enlightenment on the field?
The origin of modern automata, though, came during the Enlightenment, inaugurated by French mechanician Jacques de Vaucanson in the 1730s.
America, one might fairly say, had two foundings: the first under the Enlightenment guidance of its rich intellectual founders, and a second with the popular, evangelical Second Great Awakening, which flamed a quarter century afterward.
The book became popular during the Enlightenment among political thinkers in Europe and America, including those who drafted the US Constitution in 1787.
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The inexorable progress of the Enlightenment, though it has sent devils packing and committed nymphs and sprites to the realms of silliness, has never managed to stamp out angels.
The problem is that with the success of the Enlightenment, science, and our modern culture, we seem to have discarded the idea of mythos as part of our mainstream culture.
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Although originally a reaction against religion indeed, it was an outgrowth of the Haskalah, the 19th-century Jewish enlightenment that the rabbis of Europe most feared Zionism never completely repudiated the authority of Judaism's priesthood.
It was the ideas of the Enlightenment, centered here in France, that helped inspire a band of Colonists across the ocean to seek our freedom.
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One of them considers America the culmination of the Enlightenment, cleaving to a rational philosophy that would indeed exclude religion and its icons from the public square.
Created in collaboration with the USC Game Innovation Lab and game designer Tracy Fullerton, The Night Journey takes the player on an archetypal journey toward enlightenment through the mechanics of the game experience.
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These ideas grew out of the European enlightenment, but today they are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, not as the birthright of Americans or Westerners, but of people everywhere.
From the initial Technology Trigger, when software first made blogging easy, to the Peak of Inflated Expectations and the Trough of Disillusionment, thence on to the Slope of Enlightenment and, eventually, the Plateau of Productivity, blogging has passed almost all the way through the Hype Cycle.
The region requires a great deal of education and enlightenment in the field of supply chain.
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