This is reserved for cases where HMRC needs to send a strong deterrent message, or where the conduct involved is such that only a criminalsanction is appropriate.
Usada doesn't have the authority to bring criminal charges, but it can sanction athletes by stripping them of their titles and banning them from competition for doping.
It is not clear what sort of sanction Mr Pae, 44, might face, although North Korea's criminal code provides for life imprisonment or the death penalty for similar offences.