The eyes, in particular the cornea, are very prone to damage from tanning equipment.
Some procedures replace only a few thin layers of the cornea, while others replace the entire cornea.
This surgical procedure, also known as keratoplasty, replaces damaged cornea tissue with healthy tissue from a donor.
It involved transplanting stem cells grown in a laboratory into the eye, followed by another cornea transplant.
For Fuchs' dystrophy, an increasingly common procedure replaces only the deep layers of the cornea, including the endothelium.
UV-blocking contact lenses protect the inner structures of the eye including the cornea, the iris, the lens and the retina.
And the transplantation of foreign tissue could provoke an immune response from the body which could reject the new cornea.
Many are needed because of keratoconus, a disorder of the shape of the cornea, or corneal disease, often caused by cataract surgery.
It is hoped the cornea will move back to a normal shape and the eyesight will be corrected and prevented from further damage.
When the suits are heard, expect a parade of experts to testify that an improper lens can scar the cornea and lead to vision problems.
They are concentrating on making nerve, liver and eye (cornea) tissue.
Some eye experts say omega-3s, found commonly in fish and nuts, appear to play a protective role in eye health with both the retina and cornea.
Your surgeon inserts the tool into the eye's drainage canal through a small incision at the edge of the cornea and removes the small section of trabecular meshwork.
The technique means only two or three tiny key-hole incisions are made in the cornea, with the unhealthy section removed using special instruments and the donor cornea inserted through the opening.
When the suits are heard, a parade of experts can be expected to testify that an improper lens can painfully scar the cornea and potentially lead to vision problems and even partial blindness.
Professor Joe Sedat says that even though the radiation dose may be low, it may be intense where it hits certain parts of the body like the cornea, the testicles or the skin.
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McDonald was also the third physician in the world to perform a procedure called conductive keratoplasty -- a noninvasive surgery for farsightedness that involves using radio-frequency energy to heat small spots around the cornea.
When a beam of light is focused by the cornea and the lens, at the front of the eye, on to the retina, at the back, it stimulates photosensitive cells known as rods and cones.
Also, at fifteen, McDowell's head may have been a bit smaller resulting in less damage during the shooting of the head clamp scene - he was temporarily blinded after scratching a cornea during the filming.
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"If there is only a problem in its inner layer, it may be possible to replace just that part of the cornea, leaving the patient's normal and healthy tissue in place, " said Mr Muhtaseb, a Singleton-based consultant ophthalmologist.
In order to restore the eye to its original shape, those with advanced keratoconus generally undergo a cornea transplant, a procedure with a long recovery time that demands the patient refrain from physically stressing the eyes for months.
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Using small instruments under an operating microscope, your surgeon creates an opening in the sclera the white of your eye and removes a small piece of eye tissue at the base of your cornea through which fluid drains from your eye (the trabecular meshwork).
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