When banks become members of the Federal Reserve System, which is mandatory for national banks and voluntary for state banks, they have to purchase stock in their local Federal Reserve Bank equal to six percent of their own capital and surplus.
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In fact, such has been the scale of capital inflows into the American economy in recent years a capital surplus is the necessary and automatic corollary of a current deficit that the dollar could easily fall even without outflows.
Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products.
This squeezes prices and margins, thus denying better-run firms the surplus capital they need to hire talented people, buy competitors or invest in research and development.
Soon after Bain and Co published a report indicating that, because of an unprecedented capital surplus, now is the ideal time to make long term transitional investments in infrastructure and new industries.
They will be funded by capital funding, receipts from the sale of surplus school sites and council resources.
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The project will be paid for with capital funding, receipts from the sale of surplus school sites and council resources.
However, this capital surplus does not count in the balance of trade and leaves a massive trade deficit with Wakanda.
China has a surplus of capital, restrictions on taking it offshore and few choices on where to invest at home, he notes all forces likely to push A shares higher over time.
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Now it is of course possible that NBNK will be able to provide some kind of comfort to Lloyds' directors that it is likely to receive advanced status relatively quickly - and in those circumstances it would repay the surplus capital back to Lloyds.
Germany has a huge current-account surplus and so is not dependent on flighty foreign capital to keep its companies primed.
Yet only about half of the capital inflow from the trade surplus was accounted for by debt service and other payments.
These subjects, which each receive a chapter in the report, differ markedly from last year's CEA outlook, which highlighted the capital account surplus, workforce skills, retirement savings, intellectual property and agriculture.
To cut capital costs, Ruttenberg farmed out more and more of the manufacturing to nearby companies with surplus capacity.
The most significant changes, of course, involve Fannie and Freddie, which just five months ago were still subject to 30% capital surplus requirements, a punishment of sorts for their accounting scandals earlier in the decade. (Those surplus limits were lowered to 20% in March in order to marshal the companies' aid in dealing with the mortgage crisis).
Although China runs a large trade surplus with America, it runs deficits with other Asian countries from which it imports capital equipment and components.
The deficit ends four years when it could claim to be in surplus, on a modest scale, assuming a large share of oil revenue and not including capital spending.
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