Reluctantly but pragmatically, Arnold goes along, grouching and grizzling every step of the way.

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"Personally, I think that having some threshold would give some more uniformity to the test, but pragmatically we don't want to limit the sensitivity of tests, " said Prof David Cowan from King's College London, who is in charge of anti-doping at next summer's London Olympic Games.

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But they will pragmatically take them wherever they find them.

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But that is because it has been governed pragmatically, by politicians prepared to adapt the system in response to popular pressures for example in the series of reform acts, which widened the franchise and ushered in mass democracy.

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