During the late 1980s into the 1990s, business innovation was often driven by top-down initiatives for the sake of business process re-engineering and enterprise resource planning software.

FORBES: Facebook Is More Proof Innovation Is Thriving In Silicon Valley

The president was given the power to unilaterally revoke the right to do business, without any further due process, of any enterprise in America if it refused to conform to this reincarnation of the Medieval guild system.

FORBES: Coyote Den

Now, organizations can create a cross-department, enterprise-wide identity management process that provides a layer of intelligence to give enterprises the business insights needed to strengthen IT controls and reduce operational risk.

FORBES: Written by Kevin Cunningham