On 7 November, Polish gas monopoly PGNiG filed an arbitration procedure against Russia's gas giant Gazprom to demand a discount on gas imports.

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It is true that the system is no longer, if it ever was, a mere bundle of agreements with a procedure for arbitration should disputes arise.

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In the United States both secular and religious arbitration are firmly established, operating under a Federal Arbitration Act that gives robust standing to the procedure but also allows the parties to counter-appeal to ordinary courts on certain grounds (though America's church-state separation stops courts hearing arguments about doctrine).

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One of the first things he needed from FINRA was an audio recording, standard procedure, of the 21 hours of proceedings from the arbitration so he could review his options with an attorney.

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