汤普金斯说：“梯度折射光学器件可根据系统设计，而不是让系统符合光学器件，因此上降低了系统的体积、重量和组装成本。”
“GRIN optics can be shaped to fit a system, rather than making the system conform to the optics, resulting in reduced size, weight and assembly cost.
从电解法到高温皮金法，用了各种工业工序提取镁，但其能源成本十分高昂。
Various industrial methods are used to extract magnesium, ranging from an electrolytic process to a high temperature method called the Pidgeon process, but the energy cost is high.
计算一个养老金计划的成本取决于两个关键假设。
Calculating the cost of a pension scheme depends on two key assumptions.
即便是这样一个数字，在一些国家到2050年也可能翻翻，更不要说私人养老金成本，以及用于医疗保障和长期护理的开销了。
In some countries the current figure could double by 2050, to say nothing of the cost of private pensions and extra spending on health and long-term care.
对商业银行来说，成本低廉是因为存款担保人所提供的隐性公众补助金。
With commercial Banks, that cost was low because of the implicit public subsidy provided by deposit guarantees.
但粮价上涨对产量增长的促进作用可能远大于补助金，并且很大程度上弥补了上涨的燃料，肥料和其他材料的成本。
But high grain prices may have encouraged this more than the subsidies, which have been largely offset by the rising cost of fuel, fertiliser and other materials.
养老金系统的整体成本还是非常适度的。
在养老金问题之外，卫生保健成本将必然上升。 这主要是由于科技进步。
On top of the pension problem, health-care costs will rise inexorably, mainly because of technology.
在美国，归因于其老化的人口以及飙升的健保及退休金成本，债务比率在未来十年仍将继续攀高。
It is thanks to an ageing population and soaring health and pension costs that America's debt ratio will still be rising in a decade.
即便设定养老金支出最低额度，它们仍然挤压了其他支出，因为养老金成本上升实在太快了。
Even by putting the minimum into their pension funds, they're still crowding out spending for everything else because the costs are rising so fast.
这里的失业救济金是196欧元。听起来同英国相比似乎很不错，但我们的生活成本非常高。
The dole here is 196 euros which sounds quite generous when compared to the UK but our cost of living is quite high.
在未来几个月中，这很有可能导致额外的不对称加息，以收窄存贷款成本之间的空隙，同时还意味着提高银行储备金的比率。
This is likely to start with additional asymmetrical rate hikes to narrow the gap between lending and borrowing costs and may also mean higher required reserve ratios for Banks in the coming months.
其中最大的不同是当前工人将会支付更多的养老金成本。
The main difference is that current workers would start paying much more of the cost of their pensions.
公共部门面临的养老金成本大致上和私人部门所面临的一致；公共部门的雇员也同私人部门的员工一样长寿。
The pension costs facing the public sector are roughly the same as those facing the private sector; their employees are likely to live just as long.
虽然没有由于破产而被迫作出改变带来的阵痛，但代价是美航要承担最高的劳务成本和退休金费用。
Without the pain of bankruptcy to force change, it is left with the highest Labour costs and pension obligations.
比如，如果通胀爆发，那么对于生活成本上限的调整将成为靠养老金生活的人的恶魔，因为他们对于自身购买力的失去将无计可施。
A cap on the cost-of-living adjustment, for example, would be a nightmare for pensioners were inflation to flare up, because they would have no way of making up the loss in their purchasing power.
但是成本升高，而行情却回落了。吉茨先生引进了一名合伙人，吉里·阿特金斯，一名更有转手经验的炒房客。
But costs rose, the market fell and Mr. Gittes brought in a partner, Jerry Atkins, a developer with more hands-on experience.
2007年公共事业的赤字达GDP的65%；本来就没有资金来源的养老金，医保和其他项目的成本负担更加沉重，国家背后的债务已悄然跃至GDP的250%。
The debt of the public sector was 65% of GDP in 2007; adding in unfunded future costs of pensions, health care and other schemes, the state’s implicit debt jumps to 250% of GDP.
并且兑现当前养老金义务的同时又要建立新基金，这样的成本相当高。
The cost of establishing the new funds at the same time as meeting current pension obligations will be very heavy.
那就是说，通用汽车公司的问题很清晰：沉重的债务、过多的经销商和子品牌、过高的劳动力成本以及庞大的养老金负担。
That said, GM has well-known problems: too much debt, too many dealers and brands, high Labour costs, and crippling liabilities to pensioners.
青年失业问题同所有失业问题产生的直接成本大体一样：失业保险救济金增加，收入所得税减少，生产能力被浪费。
Youth unemployment has direct costs in much the same way all unemployment does: increased benefit payments; lost income-tax revenues; wasted capacity.
另一方面，毕业生违约时违约金很少，至少要比他们拿不到毕业证的成本要小的多。
On the other hand, to break the contract, they would not have to pay a heavy price, at least, much less than if they were not granted the certificate.
另一方面，毕业生违约时违约金很少，至少要比他们拿不到毕业证的成本要小的多。
On the other hand, to break the contract, they would not have to pay a heavy prize, at least, much less than if they were not granted the certificate.
随着工人寿命的增长，履行养老金义务所需的成本亦随之上升。
As workers lived longer, the cost of fulfilling pension commitments rose.
最先要做出的决定就是提高退休年龄，如此便能增加税收（因为人们的工作时间变长了）以及削减未来养老金的成本。
One priority is to raise the retirement age, which would boost tax revenues (as people work longer) and cut future pension costs.
青年失业率像整体失业率一样，会直接带来成本：增长的救济金开支；
Youth unemployment has direct costs in much the same way all unemployment does: increased benefit payments;
央行10月提高借贷成本，为2007年以来第一次；在今年最后一次提高了银行准备金率，为本年的第六次。
The central bank raised borrowing costs in October for the first time since 2007 and last week increased Banks' reserve-ratio requirements for the sixth time this year.
咨询公司WatsonWyatt的调查表明从2003年到2008年运营养老金计划的成本增加了大概一半。
A survey by Watson Wyatt, a consulting firm, found that the cost of running a pension scheme increased by around half between 2003 and 2008.
作为英国电信业的监管者，Ofcom正在考虑是否允许BT在收取竞争对手租用其网络时的租金时，将退休金计算在成本内。
Ofcom, Britain's telecoms regulator, is considering whether to allow BT to include the cost of pensions when calculating the fees it charges rival firms to rent bits of its network.
作为英国电信业的监管者，Ofcom正在考虑是否允许BT在收取竞争对手租用其网络时的租金时，将退休金计算在成本内。
Ofcom, Britain's telecoms regulator, is considering whether to allow BT to include the cost of pensions when calculating the fees it charges rival firms to rent bits of its network.
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