进化论中有一个尚待解决的神秘现象，就是为什么生物是利他主义的。
One of the big unsolved mysteries in evolutionary theory is why creatures are altruistic.
普绪客的故事表现了心理学家们所研究的众多现象：好奇心、嫉妒、爱、同情、利他思想和坚定不移。
The story of Psyche exemplifies many of the phenomena that psychologists seek to study: curiosity, envy, love, compassion, altruism, and perseverance.
然而许多进化心理学家相信，如果利他惩罚现象不存在，人类合作也不可能产生。
Many evolutionary psychologists believe, however, that without altruistic punishment, cooperation could not have evolved.
近现代合同法的演变使利他合同成为一种越来越普遍的社会现象。
Along with the development of modern contract, it has become one kind of more and more popular social phenomenon.
互惠利他行为是生物有机体乃至人类社会普遍存在的一种现象，经典的自然选择学说难以解释生物有机体的这类行为。
Reciprocal altruistic behavior exists not only among organisms but also in the society, but it has been hard to explain the altruistic behavior of organisms to the classical natural selection theory.
研究者发现了冲动与利他惩罚行为之间存在关联，表明这种现象更多出于情绪（譬如人行道躁狂），而非出于理性思考而产生。
Researchers found a connection between impulsiveness and altruistic punishment, suggesting that the phenomenon is more the result of emotion (like sidewalk rage) than reason.
研究者发现了冲动与利他惩罚行为之间存在关联，表明这种现象更多出于情绪（譬如人行道躁狂），而非出于理性思考而产生。
Researchers found a connection between impulsiveness and altruistic punishment, suggesting that the phenomenon is more the result of emotion (like sidewalk rage) than reason.
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